OKANAGAN-KOOTENAY STERILE INSECT RELEASE BOARD

 

MINUTES of a regular meeting of the OKANAGAN-KOOTENAY STERILE INSECT RELEASE (SIR) BOARD held in the Board Room of the Regional District of North Okanagan, Coldstream, BC on Friday, February 20, 2004

 

 

Members:

 

            Chair Mike Kowaluk                            Regional District of North Okanagan

            Director Colin Day, Vice Chair             Regional District of Central Okanagan

            Director Tom Mann                              Regional District of Central Kootenay

            Director Wayne Matthews                    Regional District of Columbia-Shuswap

            Director Joe Cardoso                           Regional District of Okanagan Similkameen

     

            Penny Gambell                                     B.C. Fruit Grower’s Association                       absent

            Pierre Calissi                                        B.C. Fruit Grower’s Association                       absent

            Joe Sardinha                                         B.C. Fruit Grower’s Association

            Bob McCoubrey                                  North Okanagan Organic Association   absent

            Dr. Frank Kappel                                 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada                   absent

            Dr. Gary Whitfield                                Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada                   absent 

            John Berry                                             Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada                       

            Ken Corraini                                        Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food       absent

            Hugh Philip Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food              

            Gavin Young                                        SIR Grower/Industry Advisory Committee       

           

Guest:

 

            Dr. Joan Cossentine                              Agriculture and Agri  Food Canada

 

Staff:

 

            Bob Fugger                                          General Manager

            Adrian McCluskey                               Information Officer

            Lorne Tomlin                                        Rearing Facility Production Manager

            Peter Mackiewich                                 Liaison Officer                                      absent

            Cara McCurrach                                  Special Projects Coordinator, RDNO

            Alan Harris Chief Financial Officer

            Jeannie Coles                                       Administrative Assistant, RDNO

            Sherri Kimmie                                      Zone 2 Supervisor

 

 

The Chair called the meeting to order at 9:15 a.m.

 

The Chair had all in attendance introduce themselves.

 


PART 1 – ADOPTION OF MINUTES

 

a.                  Regular Meeting – January 16, 2004

 

Moved by Director Mann                                Seconded by Director Day

 “That the minutes of the regular meeting of the Okanagan-Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Board held on January 16, 2004 be adopted.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

 

The Board discussed the matter of how minutes should be recorded when appeals for orchard tree removal orders are being heard.  It was suggested that the proceedings be recorded verbatim.    The Board concluded that when there is a quasi legal hearing only the resolution will be recorded.

 

Joe Sardinha from the B.C. Fruit Grower’s Association thanked the Directors who attended the BCFGA convention.   He stated the Growers appreciated them attending and the opportunity they had to speak to them.  Mr. Sardinha further stated that the SIR Program not only benefits the Growers but the taxpayers as well and it is very important to preserve the program.    Mr. Sardinha presented the Directors with a BCFGA pin, as a token of appreciation.

 

PART 2 – DELEGATIONS and PETITIONS

 

a.            Orchard Tree Removal Orders Report – February 20, 2004 – Appeals to be heard

i                Roman Catholic Bishop of Nelson                     

                           c/o 3625 Paynter Road, Westbank   723.12516.000         - see Part 10.a.i

 

Mr. Henk van Dijk (representative for Father Pat Monette) addressed the Board.

 

Moved by Director Mann                                Seconded by Director Cardoso

“That the SIR Board delay the implementation of the Notice of Orchard Tree Removal order on

Roman Catholic Bishop of Nelson         3625 Paynter Rd. Westbank.                723.12516.000

           

            subject to the following terms and conditions:

 

That the property owner work with SIR staff to develop a codling moth control program by April 1, 2004 for the noted property including, but not limited to, the following:

¨                  Proper spraying program for entire property

¨                  Stripping infested fruit as required

¨                  Banding and damage assessment for each generation

¨                  Professionally calibrate sprayer to proper standards before end of April 2004;  and

 

            That orchard codling moth damage be reduced to a level of less than 2% throughout the 2004 season; and

            further that SIR staff continue to monitor the said property and work with the property owner to ensure that the conditions of the control program are met; and

            If, at any time during the 2004 season, the conditions of the control program are not met and cooperation of the property owner is not forthcoming, that staff be authorized to carry out the Orchard Tree Removal Order as originally issued.”

CARRIED

 

PART 3 – COMMITTEE MINUTES

 

PART 4 – BUSINESS ARISING FROM THE MINUTES

 

PART 5 – CHAIR’S REPORT

 

PART 6 – COMMITTEE REPORTS

 

a.   Sterile Insect Release Technical Advisory Committee Report to SIR Board February 20, 2004

 

Moved by Director Mann                                Seconded by Director Matthews

 “That the  item Part 6.a. Sterile Insect Release Technical Advisory Committee Report to SIR Board February 20, 2004 be moved to Part 10.f.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

 

PART 7 – DEPARTMENT REPORTS

 

a.      Bob Fugger – General Manager’s Report to Board – February 20, 2004

 

The General Manager reviewed his February 20, 2004 report with the Board. 

 

He further noted the BCFGA Convention was successful and thanked the Directors for attending.

 

b.      Lorne Tomlin – Production Operations Report – February 10, 2004

 

c.       Summary of Urban Sites for 2003 for all Zones

 

The General Manager reviewed the Summary of Urban Sites for 2003 for all Zones with the Board.

 

d.      Gift Certificates 2003 – Breakdown of Zones

 

The General Manager advised the Board that the Zone 2 Supervisors will be sending out over 300 letters this Spring for codling moth control orders. The question arose concerning having 121 infested sites amongst 3,500 and how will the program make it to the finish line.     It was noted that the program must ensure that clean sites do not get reinfested and that urban residents have to be just as sensitive as the Growers. 

 

Moved by Director Matthews                          Seconded by Director Day

 “That the reports Part 7 –Department Reports, a. – d. be received for information.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

 


PART 8 – CORRESPONDENCE

 

a.      Letter from Alan Kuroyama, Chief Administrative Officer, Columbia Shuswap Regional District, dated February 3, 2004 re:  SIR Program Governance Committee Report

 

b.      Letter from Dan Ashton, Chair, Regional District Of Okanagan-Similkameen, dated February 2, 2004 re:  SIR Program Governance

 

Mr. Sardinha, BC Fruit Grower’s Association stated that he feels it is important to support where the SIR Program is going and that he supports the concept of delaying the changes to governance.  The Board discussed Columbia Shuswap Regional District’s request to provide a commitment ensuring that all Regional Districts that have been participants to the SIR Program receive the full benefits of the Program prior to the end of 2005 or other such time as the SIR program is concluded.

 

Moved by Director Matthews                          Seconded by Director Mann

 “That Part 8 – Correspondence, a. – b. be received for information.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

PART 9 – UNFINISHED BUSINESS

 

a.   Environmental Impact Assessment of OK SIR Program prepared by Christine Dendy - November 2003

 

The General Manager distributed the Environmental Impact Assessment of OK SIR Program to the Board and asked that the report be received.  He further read the conclusion of the report to the Board.

 

Moved by Director Matthews                          Seconded by Director Mann

 “That the Environmental Impact Assessment of Okanagan-Kootenay SIR Program be received for information.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

 

PART 10 – NEW BUSINESS

 

a.            Orchard Tree Removal Orders Report – February 20, 2004 – Appeals to be heard

i                      Roman Catholic Bishop of Nelson   

                        c/o 3625 Paynter Road, Westbank.              723.12516.000           

 

This matter was dealt with earlier in the meeting.

 

b.         Memorandum from Bob Fugger dated February 10, 2004 re: Orchard Tree Removal Order – Mr. Methab Gidda  - 3000 Elliott Rd., Westbank

 

The General Manager advised the Board that Mr. Gidda stated he received his letter late notifying him to appear for his appeal and he would like the opportunity to appeal.    He further recommended that the SIR Board reconsider the resolution denying Mr. Gidda’s appeal and allow him an opportunity to meet the objectives for codling moth control for 2004.


 

Moved by Director Cardoso                           Seconded by Director Mann

“That the SIR Board delay the implementation of the Notice of Orchard Tree Removal order on:

            Methab Gidda       3000 Elliott Rd. Westbank                        723.13312.000            0.1 ac.             80 trees

 

            subject to the following terms and conditions:

 

            That the property owner work with SIR staff to develop a codling moth control program by April 1, 2004 for the noted property including, but not limited to, the following:

¨      Proper spraying program for entire property

¨      Stripping infested fruit as required

¨      Banding and damage assessment for each generation

¨      Professionally calibrate sprayer to proper standards before end of April 2004; and

 

            That orchard codling moth damage be reduced to a level of less than 2% throughout the 2004 season; and

 

            Further that SIR staff continue to monitor the said property and work with the property owner to ensure that the conditions of the control program are met; and

 

            If, at any time during the 2004 season, the conditions of the control program are not met and cooperation of the property owner is not forthcoming, that staff be authorized to carry out the Orchard Tree Removal Order as originally issued.”

CARRIED

 

b.            Memorandum from Bob Fugger dated February 10, 2004 re: Orchard Tree Removal Order – Mr. Mehab Gidda  - 829 Douglas Rd., Westbank

 

Moved by Director Day                                  Seconded by Director Matthews

“That the SIR Board delay the implementation of the Notice of Orchard Tree Removal order on:

            Methab Gidda             829 Douglas Rd. Westbank.    723.14148.000            0.87 ac. 17 trees

 

            subject to the following terms and conditions:

 

            That the property owner work with SIR staff to develop a codling moth control program by April 1, 2004 for the noted property including, but not limited to, the following:

¨Proper spraying program for entire property

¨Stripping infested fruit as required

¨Banding and damage assessment for each generation

¨Professionally calibrate sprayer to proper standards before end of April 2004; and

 

            That orchard codling moth damage be reduced to a level of less than 2% throughout the 2004 season; and

 

            Further that SIR staff continue to monitor the said property and work with the property owner to ensure that the conditions of the control program are met; and

 

            If, at any time during the 2004 season, the conditions of the control program are not met and cooperation of the property owner is not forthcoming, that staff be authorized to carry out the Orchard Tree Removal Order as originally issued.”

CARRIED

 

d.         Memorandum from SIR Finance Committee dated February 11, 2004 re:  Out of Province Travel Policy

            i.          SIR Travel Policy No.3.1.8

            ii.         Memorandum from Bob Fugger, General Manager dated January 29, 2004 re:  Policy concerning out of province travel

 

The General Manager reviewed his memorandum and the SIR Travel Policy No.3.1.8 with Board.

 

Moved by Director Mann                                Seconded by Director Day

“That the memorandum and travel policy be received; and

further, that SIR Policy No.3.1.8, being the SIR Employment Practices – Professional Development Policy be adopted as amended.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

 

e.         Memorandum from Lorne Tomlin dated February 3, 2004 re: Travel request for Scott Arthur to attend a workshop “Principles and Procedures for Rearing Quality Insects” March 22-26, 2004.

 

The General Manager explained to the Board that backup would be required if something were to happen to Lorne Tomlin, Rearing Facility Production Manager.  He further recommended that Scott Arthur be that person and that he take the course “Principles and Procedures for Rearing Quality Insects”.   It was noted the course is orientated toward the quality control of rearing insects (diet, pathogens and micro organisms) and would be considered to be very technical.   The Board was advised that Lorne Tomlin had taken the course previously and he felt it was very beneficial. The Board was further advised of Scott Arthur’s current duties and responsibilities as the engineer at the rearing facilities.   

 

The question was raised as to who is responsible for quality control. The Board was advised that Bob Fugger and Lorne Tomlin are responsible.  Director Mann stated that for the SIR program to proceed after 2005, he feels having this resource available to the program is well worth it.

 

A discussion ensued with regards to an employee who is sent on a course.  It was suggested that there be a policy which states if that employee were to leave employment during a specific time period, that they would be required to pay back the course expenses.  The General Manager advised he would review the Employment Standards Act and report back to the Board on the feasibility of implementing such a policy.

 

Moved by Director Matthews                          Seconded by Director Day

“That the SIR Board authorizes S. Arthur to travel to Starkville, Mississippi to attend the Principles and Procedures for Rearing Quality Insects Program; and

further, that all reasonable expenses for this trip be paid for by the SIR Program.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

Director Cardoso opposed.

 

The meeting recessed at 10:15 a.m.

The meeting reconvened at 10:35 a.m.

 

f.    Sterile Insect Release Technical Advisory Committee Report to SIR Board February 20, 2004

 

Hugh Phillip, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food presented to the Board the Sterile Insect Release Technical Advisory Committee Report.   He stated that he believed science prevailed and that they were successful in drafting a proposed strategy for post 2005.  

 

Mr. Phillip reviewed recommendation #1 of the report and went through the chart regarding long-term codling moth management in regions with <0.5% codling moth damage in >95% of the area. He explained each program recommended for the low and high risk orchards, which he stated was based on science, a combination of culture, biology, behaviour and agriculture.

 

Question arose concerning what in the Committee’s opinion would be the weakest links with the recommendation.   Mr. Phillip stated if it does not happen it would destroy all that the program has accomplished.  He further advised that the urban situation is always a challenge and ensuring that urban sites are in full compliance.  

 

It was recommended to the Board that a grower advisor be available to discuss the choice of an appropriate control strategy, as it is critical to have good advice and to ensure if an outbreak occurs that it is dealt with immediately.

 

Mr. Young, SIR Grower/Industry Advisory Committee representative stated that in his opinion mating disruption and trapping is a weakness even with a 10 mg lure.  He further stated removing the regular release of SIT in low risk sites means they would have to depend very heavily on monitoring. 

 

The question was raised on how important it is that Growers actively participate in this recommended program.  The Board was advised adding Growers into the equation provides more eyes, however there is overlap with banding/trapping.  Dr. Cossentine, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada reiterated that the whole premise of the long-term SIR program is monitoring.  

 

Director Day expressed concern about the Grower who is in the moderate range and has the presence of wild codling moth.  The Board discussed that some Growers have complained that the SIR program is not working.  It was suggested that some Growers think that because there is an SIR program that they no longer have to monitor.  It was noted that emphasis should be made that the Grower is responsible to monitor their orchards.   If a hatch takes place the field service will advise Growers that they have to monitor their orchards. 

 

The General Manager advised the Board that SIR staff have access to packing house data, however SIR data is the best available.

 

Mr. Phillip reviewed recommendation #2 of the report and went through the chart regarding short-term strategy to reduce wild codling moth populations in Zones 2 & 3.  The Board discussed the importance of reacting but in some cases there is a need to find the cause, especially if it is a good Grower.

 

A discussion ensued with regards to associating costs and showing the economic value to the Growers. An example suggested was what a low pressure orchard would cost versus what it would cost the medium pressure orchard. 

 

The Board was advised by Mr. Berry, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada that perhaps the cost of the use of the programs would receive scepticism due to the program’s concept being over sold in the early days and how it lost creditability.

 

It was noted that GIS technology is in place for the SIR program.  The Board was advised that there are approximately 500 acres in the high pressure orchards with 75 – 80 Growers.    A discussion ensued on the possibility of having the behaviour match the costs.   It was further noted Growers are sometimes hampered by the thought that SIR program is looking after the orchards for them and it is difficult to change that mind set.

 

The Chief Financial Officer suggested to the Board setting up a parcel tax based on the grade of fruit from the previous year.  He further stated it would give the Grower incentive to work that much harder to bring the levels down, that would in turn bring down the cost of the program.  The Board was advised by Mr. Sardinha that it would very difficult to assess parcel tax  based on fruit grades due to hail storms or sunburn causing the grade come down.

 

The Board discussed the large focus on using mating disruption and the budget impact.   Dr. Cossentine, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada advised the Board that the Technical Committee was asked for their advice and they did not think about economics.   She further stated that it was very clear that Zones 2 and 3 have far too much damage to make the long-term suppression tactics by 2005, therefore they put forward the strongest possible program.  It was pointed out to the Board that not all instances where crops were in the medium or high range that it is necessarily the Grower’s fault.

 

Mr. Phillip reviewed recommendation #3 of the report with the Board on how increases in wild codling moth can be correlated with bin movement into low risk areas.  The Board discussed the need to have packing houses and industry come onboard, becoming part of the solution.  It was further noted other measures could be implemented such as if packing houses do not comply not to take their product.

 

The Board discussed having a protocol issued to packing houses on how to deal with bins.  It was noted Zone 1, 2 and 3 have specific dates in which they are allowed to haul bins.  Dr. Cossentine advised the Board where the infestation is coming from, explaining in the fall larva find a crevice in the bin, when the bins are taken apart and distributed moths emerge.  She further stated to stop the infestation in bins, packing houses need to build a fumigation chamber to fumigate the bins, perhaps with carbon dioxide.  It was further noted that a CA room could perform this.

 

Director Cardoso stated the need to identify everything that has to be done in order to have a sustainable program.   It was noted that bin management at the orchard level needs to be discussed.  Director Mann expressed concern that the issue has not been addressed sooner.  Director Matthews stated he can not believe that people are taking a reactive approach instead of proactive.


 

Mr. Phillip reviewed recommendations #4, 5, 6 and 7 of the report with Board.   He stressed the importance of high quality moths being fundamental to the success of the SIR program.

 

The Board asked the question if the recommendations were in the order of their importance.  It was noted that all recommendations are equally as important.  It was agreed that the Board take the recommendations and move as strongly ahead as possible and determine who has to do what to achieve the goals. 

 

Moved by Director Day                                  Seconded by Director Matthews

“That the SIR Board receive in broad definition and implement Recommendations 1 through 7 of the Sterile Insect Release Technical Advisory Committee Report.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

 

Mr. Berry expressed his concern with the level of detail for each of the recommendations.   Director Cardoso suggested an action plan should come from each recommendation.

 

The meeting recessed for lunch at 12:04 p.m.

The meeting reconvened at 12:55 p.m.

 

PART 11 – SUBSTANTIVE MOTIONS

 

a.         Draft SIR 2004 – 2008 Five Year Financial Plan for 2004

 

The Board reviewed the 2004 – 2008 Five Year Financial Plan.  The Chief Financial Officer advised the Board that there will be a $449,559 deficit, based on the recommended direction from the Technical Committee.   He further stated that there is a reserve available, however there would still be a shortfall between $75,000 to $100,000. 

 

Chief Financial Officer advised the Board he did not have an opportunity to review the 3.2 million required for 2006 based on the recommended direction from the Technical Committee.   The Board was informed that there was not a revenue formula from the participating Regional Districts beyond 2005.   Mr. Berry, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada expressed his concern that there was not a formula beyond 2005 and he further stated he had thought the Board was committed to post 2005 based on a funding formula, of $0.10 per $1,000 ad valorem and $100 per acre.

 

The Board had a lengthy discussion on the post 2005 plan.  It was noted that all the Regional District representatives need to confirm their commitment to the program, as it does not end in two years.  A discussion ensued with regards to the political process and the need to get a solid plan

 

The Chief Financial Officer advised the Board that the program is shown to continue after 2005, but certain Regional Districts have concerns with the funding of the program after 2005. Given this concern no amount was reflected as an ad valorem requisition.  He indicated that the funding has been shown separately until the funding formula is determined.


 

Director Day stated the Central Okanagan does have 10 cents in their plan based on a reduction in 2005 and will remain in the program unless something drastically changes.

 

The Chair stated it important that Mr. Berry, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada have the Boards support and cooperation if he is to get funding for the plan beyond 2005.  He further advised he will need numbers beyond 2006 to get funding. 

 

The Board discussed setting practical timelines in which decisions need to be made.  A discussion ensued about ordering pheromone, it was noted that the contingency fund will cover the costs. 

 

Director Cardoso left the meeting at 1:26 p.m.

 

The Board discussed $3.2 versus $2.4 million and it was noted that the $3.2 has not yet been scrutinized.  It was noted that with the zone amalgamation that perhaps the $3.2 would not be required.

 

Director Cardoso returned to the meeting at 1:34 p.m.

 

The General Manager advised that 2006 is based on trapping and implementing all the Technical Advisory Committee’s recommendations.

 

A discussion ensued regarding adding members to the Technical Advisory Committee, especially people who have technical expertise there.   The Board agreed that it was not a problem appointing new members to the Technical Advisory Committee.

 

Director Cardoso advised that the Regional District of Okanagan Similkameen’s Board supports the SIR program beyond 2005 as long as there is a clear plan with a reduced plan on ad valorem.  He further stated if the monies are coming from urban taxpayers it should be used for them. 

 

Mr. Young, SIR Grower/Industry Advisory representative advised the Board that their research program is moving into fairly new research on mating disruption which they will be able to put into a commercial setting.   He further stated, the point of view from the Growers is we are moving into a new world, where the use of pesticides has to change.  The Board was advised the organic industry is trying to get certification for fruit, establishing a standard for production around the world.  Mr. Young stated it is very important for the SIR program to proceed, especially when looking at it in the big picture.  He encouraged the Board not only look at the day to day issues, but look at the impact the program has on the community and environmental issues.

 


A discussion ensued with regards to why the budget is showing a deficit.   The Chief Financial Officer explained the deficit shortfall was to show the shortfall based on the revised plan of action recommended by the Technical Committee.  He further stated that shortfall is the amount that will be needed in funding from the Province or the Federal Government to balance the budget

 

A discussion ensued with regards to tabling the budget until the March Board meeting, allowing the Chief Financial Officer and the General Manager the opportunity to meet with the Province to see where they are at and then come back with a balanced budget.

 

A lengthy discussion ensued regarding parcel tax.  It was noted that there is already a commitment to increase parcel tax by 3% a year to 2005.

 

Director Cardoso stated that the Regional District of Okanagan Similkameen pays the most in parcel tax and Central Okanagan pays the next, he further stated he would be examining that very carefully. Mr. Phillip, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food stated that the Okanagan Similkameen is also the major benefactor as well.  It was noted that it is possible that the Regional Districts could have different parcel rates than other areas.

 

The Chief Financial Officer advised the Board that there is a $1.1 million dollar grant shown over three years in the budget, so it is possible to show a higher level of the grant being used in 2004 to balance the budget, which would allow the Board to go to the Province to get funding for 2005.

 

Director Day stated he is reluctant to make any changes in how the funds are collected.  He further stated ad valorem collects substantially more than the parcel tax.   The Board discussed that the program is not marketed enough as a “Green Program”.   It was further noted that the program has a greater benefit to the environment and public, more than just the fruit industry. 

 

The Chief Financial Officer recommended to the Board that he work with the General Manager to prepare a revised draft budget, which he would then distribute via fax/e-mail to the Board and then hold a conference call with the Executive Committee to discuss.

 

Moved by Director Day                                  Seconded by Director Cardoso

“That the SIR 2004 – 2008 Five Year Financial Plan BE TABLED until the March 2004 SIR Board meeting.”

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

 

Moved by Director Mann                                Seconded by Director Matthews

That the SIR Board authorize the expenditure of $370,000 to purchase pheromone for mating disruption.” 

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

 

PART 12 – OTHER MATTERS

 

PART 13 – MOTION TO MOVE TO IN-CAMERA

 

a.         Motion to convene In Camera Meeting of the SIR Board to deal with matters deemed closed to the public in accordance with section 242.2 of the Local Government Act.


 

Moved by Director Matthews                          Seconded by Director Cardoso

“That the SIR Board convene an In Camera Meeting to deal with matters deemed closed to the public in accordance with section 242.2 of the Local Government Act to deal with legal matters.”

CARRIED

 

The regular meeting of the Okanagan Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Board adjourned to meet “In Camera” at 2:40 p.m.

 

The regular meeting of the Okanagan Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Board reconvened at 3:55 p.m.

 

PART 14 – MATTERS ARISING FROM IN CAMERA MEET ING

 

PART 15 – ADJOURNMENT

 

Moved by Director Mann                                Seconded by Director Matthews

 “That there being no further business, the meeting be adjourned at 3:55 p.m.

                                                                                                                                                CARRIED

PART 16 – NEXT MEETING

 

The next regular meeting of the SIR Board will be left to the call of the Chair.

 

 

 

                                                                                                                                                           

              Chair                                                                                      Corporate Officer